| Perhaps the most famous test of | | | | results of the use of the axioms and |
| artificial intelligence is the Turing | | | | theorems present in the brain. |
| test, elaborated in 1950. As part of his | | | | Behaviorism sees every decision made by |
| argument Turing put forward the idea of | | | | the mind as the choice of one |
| an 'imitation game', in which a human | | | | alternative over another, where the |
| being and a computer would be | | | | preferred output is the response that |
| interrogated under conditions where the | | | | has repeatedly been followed by a |
| interrogator would not know which was | | | | reinforcing stimulus.We can see now that |
| which, the communication being entirely | | | | a method that would test the |
| by textual messages. Turing argued that | | | | effectiveness of such a machine would be |
| if the interrogator could not | | | | entirely based on a chosen |
| distinguish them by questioning, then it | | | | interpretation of the mind. Moreover, |
| would be unreasonable not to call the | | | | not only the test should be based on |
| computer intelligent.There are several | | | | this interpretation, but also the whole |
| ways of interpreting and discussing the | | | | way the machine is built. It is obvious |
| Turing test, which in effect all lead to | | | | that the Turing test is entirely based |
| the discussing of some key philosophical | | | | on functionalism because the way |
| views on the mind. Considering the mind | | | | computers were built, especially in the |
| as an input-output device with the | | | | beginning was based on |
| exterior world, the four main | | | | functionalism.Nevertheless, the Turing |
| metaphysical takes on the mind would | | | | test has been severely criticized, |
| have four different views of how the | | | | especially by logicians. There has even |
| decision of choosing an appropriate | | | | been invented a counter-test, or |
| output to a given input is mediated. The | | | | experiment to prove its lack of |
| dualistic view on the mind would see as | | | | validity. This test, the Chinese Room |
| responsible for this mediation the right | | | | Experiment, developed by John Searle has |
| conscious experiences, the mind-brain | | | | the main quality that assumes the |
| identity theory would name the right | | | | premises of the Turing test, namely that |
| neurophysiological mechanisms, | | | | the human mind works according to theory |
| functionalism the right procedures while | | | | that it has built in. Shortly, the test |
| the behaviorist would not identify any. | | | | says that an English native speaker that |
| Accordingly, these four views would view | | | | has no knowledge of Chinese, is locked |
| the mental processes as | | | | in a room and given a set of |
| phenomenological, neurophysiological, | | | | instructions and then two batches of |
| computational, while the behaviorist | | | | Chinese writings.When the third one is |
| would see the mind as lacking any | | | | given, he is able to correlate one set |
| processes but just having qualities | | | | of formal symbols to another set of |
| resulted from behavioral | | | | formal symbols and thus, using the |
| dispositions.What these four views state | | | | rules, he is able to give back certain |
| effectively about the way the mind works | | | | sorts of Chinese symbols with certain |
| can be explained in an easier way, as | | | | sorts of shapes in response to certain |
| follows. The dualistic view implies a | | | | sorts of shapes given him in the third |
| certain awareness of the self, of the | | | | batch. Thus, the person would be able to |
| past experiences and is probably the | | | | communicate in Chinese, and convince the |
| closest to imply a freedom of choice. | | | | interviewer of his abilities, without |
| The mind-brain identity sees the mind | | | | actually knowing any word of Chinese. He |
| and the brain as a whole and as the only | | | | produces the answers by manipulating |
| defining element of humans. All the | | | | uninterpreted formal symbols, but as far |
| processes of thinking can be explained | | | | as the Chinese is concerned, he simply |
| through chemical and biological | | | | behaves like a computer; he performs |
| reactions. Functionalism is the closest | | | | computational operations on formally |
| to the Turing test and to the most basic | | | | specified elements. For the purposes of |
| way we perceive computers. It states | | | | Chinese, he is simply an instantiation |
| that the mind acts as an axiomatic | | | | of the computer program. |
| system and all the outputs are given as | | | | |