| Perhaps the most famous test of artificial | | | | outputs are given as results of the use of |
| intelligence is the Turing test, elaborated | | | | the axioms and theorems present in the brain. |
| in 1950. As part of his argument Turing put | | | | Behaviorism sees every decision made by the |
| forward the idea of an 'imitation game', in | | | | mind as the choice of one alternative over |
| which a human being and a computer would be | | | | another, where the preferred output is the |
| interrogated under conditions where the | | | | response that has repeatedly been followed by |
| interrogator would not know which was which, | | | | a reinforcing stimulus.We can see now that a |
| the communication being entirely by textual | | | | method that would test the effectiveness of |
| messages. Turing argued that if the | | | | such a machine would be entirely based on a |
| interrogator could not distinguish them by | | | | chosen interpretation of the mind. Moreover, |
| questioning, then it would be unreasonable | | | | not only the test should be based on this |
| not to call the computer intelligent.There | | | | interpretation, but also the whole way the |
| are several ways of interpreting and | | | | machine is built. It is obvious that the |
| discussing the Turing test, which in effect | | | | Turing test is entirely based on |
| all lead to the discussing of some key | | | | functionalism because the way computers were |
| philosophical views on the mind. Considering | | | | built, especially in the beginning was based |
| the mind as an input-output device with the | | | | on functionalism.Nevertheless, the Turing |
| exterior world, the four main metaphysical | | | | test has been severely criticized, especially |
| takes on the mind would have four different | | | | by logicians. There has even been invented a |
| views of how the decision of choosing an | | | | counter-test, or experiment to prove its lack |
| appropriate output to a given input is | | | | of validity. This test, the Chinese Room |
| mediated. The dualistic view on the mind | | | | Experiment, developed by John Searle has the |
| would see as responsible for this mediation | | | | main quality that assumes the premises of the |
| the right conscious experiences, the | | | | Turing test, namely that the human mind works |
| mind-brain identity theory would name the | | | | according to theory that it has built in. |
| right neurophysiological mechanisms, | | | | Shortly, the test says that an English native |
| functionalism the right procedures while the | | | | speaker that has no knowledge of Chinese, is |
| behaviorist would not identify any. | | | | locked in a room and given a set of |
| Accordingly, these four views would view the | | | | instructions and then two batches of Chinese |
| mental processes as phenomenological, | | | | writings.When the third one is given, he is |
| neurophysiological, computational, while the | | | | able to correlate one set of formal symbols |
| behaviorist would see the mind as lacking any | | | | to another set of formal symbols and thus, |
| processes but just having qualities resulted | | | | using the rules, he is able to give back |
| from behavioral dispositions.What these four | | | | certain sorts of Chinese symbols with certain |
| views state effectively about the way the | | | | sorts of shapes in response to certain sorts |
| mind works can be explained in an easier way, | | | | of shapes given him in the third batch. Thus, |
| as follows. The dualistic view implies a | | | | the person would be able to communicate in |
| certain awareness of the self, of the past | | | | Chinese, and convince the interviewer of his |
| experiences and is probably the closest to | | | | abilities, without actually knowing any word |
| imply a freedom of choice. The mind-brain | | | | of Chinese. He produces the answers by |
| identity sees the mind and the brain as a | | | | manipulating uninterpreted formal symbols, |
| whole and as the only defining element of | | | | but as far as the Chinese is concerned, he |
| humans. All the processes of thinking can be | | | | simply behaves like a computer; he performs |
| explained through chemical and biological | | | | computational operations on formally |
| reactions. Functionalism is the closest to | | | | specified elements. For the purposes of |
| the Turing test and to the most basic way we | | | | Chinese, he is simply an instantiation of the |
| perceive computers. It states that the mind | | | | computer program. |
| acts as an axiomatic system and all the | | | | |