| Perhaps the most famous test of artificial intelligence is | | | | use of the axioms and theorems present in the brain. |
| the Turing test, elaborated in 1950. As part of his | | | | Behaviorism sees every decision made by the mind as |
| argument Turing put forward the idea of an 'imitation | | | | the choice of one alternative over another, where the |
| game', in which a human being and a computer would | | | | preferred output is the response that has repeatedly |
| be interrogated under conditions where the interrogator | | | | been followed by a reinforcing stimulus.We can see |
| would not know which was which, the communication | | | | now that a method that would test the effectiveness |
| being entirely by textual messages. Turing argued that | | | | of such a machine would be entirely based on a |
| if the interrogator could not distinguish them by | | | | chosen interpretation of the mind. Moreover, not only |
| questioning, then it would be unreasonable not to call | | | | the test should be based on this interpretation, but also |
| the computer intelligent.There are several ways of | | | | the whole way the machine is built. It is obvious that |
| interpreting and discussing the Turing test, which in | | | | the Turing test is entirely based on functionalism |
| effect all lead to the discussing of some key | | | | because the way computers were built, especially in |
| philosophical views on the mind. Considering the mind | | | | the beginning was based on functionalism.Nevertheless, |
| as an input-output device with the exterior world, the | | | | the Turing test has been severely criticized, especially |
| four main metaphysical takes on the mind would have | | | | by logicians. There has even been invented a |
| four different views of how the decision of choosing | | | | counter-test, or experiment to prove its lack of validity. |
| an appropriate output to a given input is mediated. The | | | | This test, the Chinese Room Experiment, developed |
| dualistic view on the mind would see as responsible for | | | | by John Searle has the main quality that assumes the |
| this mediation the right conscious experiences, the | | | | premises of the Turing test, namely that the human |
| mind-brain identity theory would name the right | | | | mind works according to theory that it has built in. |
| neurophysiological mechanisms, functionalism the right | | | | Shortly, the test says that an English native speaker |
| procedures while the behaviorist would not identify any. | | | | that has no knowledge of Chinese, is locked in a room |
| Accordingly, these four views would view the mental | | | | and given a set of instructions and then two batches |
| processes as phenomenological, neurophysiological, | | | | of Chinese writings.When the third one is given, he is |
| computational, while the behaviorist would see the mind | | | | able to correlate one set of formal symbols to another |
| as lacking any processes but just having qualities | | | | set of formal symbols and thus, using the rules, he is |
| resulted from behavioral dispositions.What these four | | | | able to give back certain sorts of Chinese symbols |
| views state effectively about the way the mind works | | | | with certain sorts of shapes in response to certain |
| can be explained in an easier way, as follows. The | | | | sorts of shapes given him in the third batch. Thus, the |
| dualistic view implies a certain awareness of the self, | | | | person would be able to communicate in Chinese, and |
| of the past experiences and is probably the closest to | | | | convince the interviewer of his abilities, without actually |
| imply a freedom of choice. The mind-brain identity | | | | knowing any word of Chinese. He produces the |
| sees the mind and the brain as a whole and as the | | | | answers by manipulating uninterpreted formal symbols, |
| only defining element of humans. All the processes of | | | | but as far as the Chinese is concerned, he simply |
| thinking can be explained through chemical and | | | | behaves like a computer; he performs computational |
| biological reactions. Functionalism is the closest to the | | | | operations on formally specified elements. For the |
| Turing test and to the most basic way we perceive | | | | purposes of Chinese, he is simply an instantiation of the |
| computers. It states that the mind acts as an axiomatic | | | | computer program. |
| system and all the outputs are given as results of the | | | | |